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european wars of religion

The Parlement of Paris instituted criminal charges against the King, who now joined forces with his cousin, Henry of Navarre, to war against the League. A co-ordinated Protestant attempt was made to take over the Netherlands from four different directions, with armies led by William's brothers invading from Germany and French Huguenots invading from the south. The European Wars of Religion : an Interdisciplinary Reassessment of Sources, Interpretations, and Myths.. [Dietmar Regensburger; Wolfgang Palaver; Harriet … The European Wars of Religion An Interdisciplinary Reassessment of Sources, Interpretations, and Myths. In recent years religion has resurfaced amongst academics, in many ways replacing class as the key to understanding Europe's historical development. Uploaded by. 1555. Peace of Augsburg A treaty between Charles V and the forces of Lutheran princes signed in 1555, which officially ended the religious struggle between the two groups and allowed princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose which religion would reign in their principality Further hostilities—the Seventh War (1579–1580)—ended in the stalemate of the Treaty of Fleix. [7] The following year Fitzgerald was blasted into submission, and in August he was induced to surrender. Mary claimed to favour religious toleration on the French model, however the Protestant establishment feared a reestablishment of Catholicism, and sought with English help to neutralise or depose Mary. Increasingly threatened by the armies of the English Parliament after Charles I's arrest in 1648, the Confederates signed a treaty of alliance with the English Royalists. His policy of religious uniformity in the Netherlands alienated the most wealthy and prosperous part of his dominions. Discover the best European Wars Of Religion books and audiobooks. The Holy Roman Empire, encompassing present-day Germany and portions of neighbouring lands, was the single area most devastated by the Wars of Religion. The European wars of religion are usually taken to have ended with the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), or arguably, including the Nine Years' War and the War of the Spanish Succession in this period, with the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713. Students will be required to know about the Huguenots, Philip II of Spain, the Plague and Witchcraft. Flag of the Catholic League. This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia.The original content was at Category:European wars of religion.The list of authors can be seen in the page history.As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License. The 1560s. This, however, was no easy task. In the Low Countries, English, French, and German armies intervened; and at sea Dutch, Huguenot, and English corsairs fought the Battle of the Atlantic against the Spanish champion of the Counter-Reformation. In this video, we will talk about why the Thirty Years’ War was so devastating, even in comparison to other European Wars of Religion, and how it killed millions of people. English Civil War. Charles soon needed to raise more money to suppress this Irish Rebellion. Its partisans massacred a Huguenot congregation at Vassy (1562), causing an uprising in the provinces. In the pattern of Calvinist riots in France and the Netherlands, the mob then attacked two friaries in the town, looting their gold and silver and smashing images. The peace institutionalised the Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist religious divide in Germany, with populations either converting, or moving to areas controlled by rulers of their own faith. Some southern cities like Bruges, Ghent, Brussels and Antwerp joined the Union of Utrecht, and effectively, the 17 provinces were now divided into two warring states. The south, under Spanish rule, remained a Catholic stronghold; most of its Protestants fled to the north. A mob poured into the church and it was entirely gutted. Edit. However, with Protestant reinforcements arriving from neighbouring counties, the queen regent retreated to Dunbar. The southern Netherlands remained Catholic and Spanish, but the Dutch provinces formed an independent Protestant federation in which republican and dynastic influences were nicely balanced. Read "The European Wars of Religion: An Interdisciplinary Reassessment of Sources, Interpretations, and Myths , edited by Wolfgang Palaver, Harriet Rudolph, and Dietmar Regensburger, Journal of Jesuit Studies" on DeepDyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. But the interpretation of the European wars of religion still remains largely defined by national boundaries, tied to specific processes of … HELL . The Low Countries have a particular history of religious conflict which had its roots in the Calvinist reformation movement of the 1530s. Its members eventually intended the League to replace the Holy Roman Empire itself, and each state was to provide 10,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry for mutual defence. 1524 to 1648, following the onset of the Protestant Reformation in Central, Western and Northern Europe.Although sometimes unconnected, all of these wars were strongly influenced by the religious change of the period, and the conflict and rivalry that it produced. The following year, the attacks extended to over 20 cities and towns, and would, in turn, incite Catholic urban groups to massacres and riots in Sens, Cahors, Carcassonne, Tours and other cities.[3]. invade England. By dynastic inheritance the whole of the Netherlands, (the modern day Netherlands and Belgium) had come to be ruled by the kings of Spain. Military intervention by external powers such as Denmark and Sweden on the Protestant side increased the duration of the war and the extent of its devastation. Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars (last purely dynastic wars of the 16 th century) 2. The Huguenot army was under the command of Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé and aided by forces from south-eastern France and a contingent of Protestant militias from Germany—including 14,000 mercenary reiters led by the Calvinist Duke of Zweibrücken. The French Wars of Religion would eventually result in the War of the Three Henrys with Henry of Navarre becoming King Henry IV and converting to Catholicism to maintain peace. When additional French troops arrived in Leith, Edinburgh's seaport, the Protestants responded by retaking Edinburgh. Matthys identified Münster as the "New Jerusalem", and preparations were made, not only to hold what had been gained, but to proceed from Münster toward the conquest of the world. After a period of peace, war took up again in 1622, to be finally ended on January 30, 1648, with the Treaty of Münster between Spain and the independent Netherlands. Community of goods was also established. Tag Archives: European Wars of Religion Plague Doctor, 2011, by Erwin Olaf. Here they banded together to form the Schmalkaldic League (German language: Schmalkaldischer Bund), an alliance designed to protect themselves from Imperial action. Even so, by 1570 the Spanish had mostly suppressed the rebellion throughout the Netherlands. Switzerland was to be divided into a patchwork of Protestant and Catholic cantons, with the Protestants tending to dominate the larger cities, and the Catholics the more rural areas. There are seven questions for easy conversion to an IB grading scale. However Spain's inability to pay its mercenary armies led to numerous mutinies and in November 1576 troops sacked Antwerp at the cost of some 8,000 lives. The Parliamentarian conquest of Ireland ground on for another four years until 1653, when the last Irish Confederate and Royalist troops surrendered. 1555. Uploaded by. The last straw was the installation of a Catholic reeve at Baden, and Zürich declared war on 8 June, occupied the Thurgau and the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall and marched to Kappel at the border to Zug. In March 1560, the "Amboise conspiracy", or "Tumult of Amboise", was an attempt on the part of a group of disaffected nobles to abduct the young king Francis II and eliminate the Catholic House of Guise. AP European History: Unit 2.2 HistorySage.com Wars of Religion: 1559-1648 I. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c. 1519-1559) A. Read European Wars Of Religion books like The Children of the New Forest and Auldearn 1645 with a free trial In July 1589, in the royal camp at Saint-Cloud, a monk named Jacques Clément gained an audience with the King and drove a long knife into his spleen. Most of the important cities in the provinces of Holland and Zeeland immediately declared loyalty to the rebels. The political temperature of the surrounding lands was rising, as religious unrest grew in the Netherlands. Added to this was the newer, Calvinist, teaching that the leading citizens had the duty to overthrow an "ungodly" ruler (i.e. In 1576, the King signed the Edict of Beaulieu, granting minor concessions to the Calvinists, but a brief Sixth Civil War took place in 1577. The war had proved disastrous for the German "Holy Roman Empire". In 1562, seven years after the Peace of Augsburg had established a truce in Germany on the basis of territorialism, France became the centre of religious wars which endured, with brief intermissions, for 36 years. The sack of the city of Antwerp by mutinous Spanish soldiery in 1576 (three years after the dismissal of Philip II’s autocratic and capable governor, the duke de Alba) completed the commercial decline of Spain’s greatest economic asset. Mutual distrust existed between him and his French allies, the family of Guise, because of their ambitions for their niece Mary Stuart. Cromwell's suppression of the Royalists in Ireland during 1649 still has a strong resonance for many Irish people. She therefore supported religious toleration in the shape of the Edict of Saint-Germain (January 1562), which allowed the Huguenots to worship publicly outside of towns and privately inside of them. For the final stage of the revolution, Maitland appealed to Scottish patriotism to fight French domination. On January 6, 1579, upset by Calvinist outrages in Oudenarde, Kortrijk, Bruges and Ieper, and the continued aggressive Calvinism of the Northern States, some of the Southern States signed the Union of Arras (Atrecht), declaring their loyalty to the Spanish king. King Henri decided to strike first. In Europe, the Christian church had been a near universal church for about 1000 years, but this was changed by the reformation of the early 1500s. These wars had been political in nature (and thus not religious) since both France and the Holy Roman The European wars of religion were a series of religious wars waged in Europe in the 16th, 17th and early 18th century. Contemporary estimates put the dead at 100,000. The political conflicts thus engendered within the Empire led almost inevitably to war. The policy of the Bourbon dynasty resumed the tradition of Francis I, and under the later guidance of Cardinal Richelieu the potential authority of the monarchy was realized. Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty that ended the religious struggle between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. 68% average accuracy. In 1629, Denmark withdrew from the war leaving Wallenstein and his army in charge. This has resulted in an explosion of studies revisiting issues of religious change, confessional violence and holy war during the early modern period. The sack of Magdeburg in 1631. This so-called "Spanish Fury" strengthened the resolve of the rebels in the seventeen provinces. Europe was plagued by wars of religion. In History. Destruction of the fortress above the village of Godesberg during the Cologne War 1583; the walls were breached by mines, and most of the defenders were put to death. AP European History: Unit 2.2 HistorySage.com Wars of Religion: 1559-1648 I. Hapsburg-Valois Wars (c. 1519-1559) A. In recent years religion has resurfaced amongst academics, in many ways replacing class as the key to understanding Europe's historical development. John Casimir of the Palatinate, the Calvinist champion of Protestantism in France and the Low Countries, maintained an understanding with the neighbouring princes of Lorraine, who led the ultra-Catholic Holy League in France. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559 1. The Netherlands and Switzerland were confirmed in independence. The moratorium kept peace in the German lands for over a decade. 1555 . Henry soon found himself in the difficult position of trying to maintain royal authority in the face of feuding warlords who refused to compromise. Under pressure from the Duke of Guise, Henri III reluctantly issued an edict suppressing Protestantism and annulling Henri of Navarre's right to the throne. Ellis, S. "The Tudors and the origins of the modern Irish states: A standing army". The Catholic cantons in response had formed an alliance with Ferdinand of Austria. Nowhere was toleration accepted as a positive moral principle, and seldom was it granted except through political necessity. The situation on the ground in 1589 was that King Henry IV of France, as Navarre had become, held the south and west, and the Catholic League the north and east. Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty that ended the religious struggle between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. By the end of the 16th century the Rhine lands and those of southern Germany remained largely Catholic, while Lutherans predominated in the north, and Calvinists dominated in west-central Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Treaty of Cateau-Cambrèsis, 1559. PURGATORY. The spread of French Calvinism persuaded the French ruler Catherine de Médicis to show more tolerance for the Huguenots, which angered the powerful Roman Catholic Guise family. European Wars of Religion DRAFT. Although a Roman Catholic, she was prepared to deal favourably with the Huguenot House of Bourbon. See Also: Absolute Monarchs Powerpoints. The Roman Catholic religion was restored in much of this area. DRAFT. Lutheranism, from its inception at Wittenberg in 1519, found a ready reception in Germany, as well as in formerly Hussite Bohemia. ) – White Mountain, Breitenfeld, Lützen, Rocroi, Nordlingen and others, but this war was also known for the higher civilian casualties than the previous ones. In the territory of Brandenburg, the losses had amounted to half, while in some areas an estimated two thirds of the population died. In the case of the southern provinces, he speaks of a relatively small, orderly group moving along the country. The Austrian House of Habsburg was a major European power in its own right, ruling over some eight million subjects in present day Germany, Austria, Bohemia and Hungary. Peace of Augsburg The Peace of Augsburg is a treaty signed by the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, which ended the religious conflict between Catholicism and Lutheranism. The national and religious aspects of the foreign policy of Philip II of Spain were not always in accord. The victors confiscated almost all Irish Catholic-owned land in the wake of the conquest and distributed it to the Parliament's creditors, to the Parliamentary soldiers who served in Ireland, and to English people who had settled there before the war. aharriman_59962. At this time there were only a limited number of Protestants among the general population, and these were mostly living in the towns of the South and the East of England. Mary of Guise gathered those nobles loyal to her and a small French army. On 12 May 1588, a popular uprising raised barricades on the streets of Paris, and Henry III fled the city. The new revolt led to increasing discord amongst the Dutch. The Battle of Dreux and the battle of Orléans, were the first major engagements of the conflict. Her secretary, William Maitland of Lethington, defected to the Protestant side, bringing his administrative skills. Iconoclasm: The organised destruction of Catholic images swept through Netherlands churches in 1566. Read European Wars Of Religion books like The Children of the New Forest and Auldearn 1645 with a free trial The Reformation & European Wars of Religion. [citation needed] This played a major part in the rejection of his teachings by many German peasants, particularly in the south. Ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars (last purely dynastic wars of the 16th century) 2. In 1566, a league of about 400 members of the high nobility, themselves disgruntled at Spanish rule, presented a petition to the governor Margaret of Parma, to suspend punitive actions against the Calvinists. Peace of Augsburg The peace of Augsburg was the German Princes having to decide between Lutheranism or Catholicism as their regions religion. He and his troops controlled most of rural Normandy. attack Spain. Simultaneously Parliament offered concessions to the Scots in return for their aid and assistance. The conflict took place mostly in southern, western and central areas of modern Germany but also affected areas in neighboring modern Switzerland and Austria. In September of that year, war again broke out (the Third War). William of Orange was put at the head of the revolt, entering the Netherlands with an army 20,000 strong, and with forces of French Huguenots in support. As Henry III had no son, under Salic Law, the next heir to the throne was the Calvinist Prince Henri of Navarre. The first pitched battle of the war, fought at Edgehill on 23 October 1642, proved inconclusive, and both the Royalists and Parliamentarians claimed it as a victory. The first large-scale violence was engendered by the more radical of Luther's followers, who wished to extend wholesale reform of the Church to a similar wholesale reform of society in general. European Wars of Religion - France - The 1560s. Even then, religious strife continued through the Glorious Revolution and even thereafter. The Renaissance had brought rapid economic and population growth which stressed traditional societal structures. Purely political motivations, and cross-religious alliances were also significant in many of the earlier wars. $57.99; $57.99; Publisher Description. Ferdinand issued the Edict of Restitution that restored to Catholics all land confiscated by the Protestants since 1552. As early as 1532, King François I, and (in 1551), King Henri II, had intervened politically and militarily in support of the Protestant German princes against the Habsburgs. 30 Years' War. England, Scotland and Ireland, in personal union under the Stuart king, James I & VI, continued Elizabeth I's policy of providing military support to European Protestants in the Netherlands and France.

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